The etiology, symptoms and nursing of measles?

summary

Measles is a kind of acute infectious disease, caused by the measles virus, the cause is relatively single, the patient is the only source of infection, so the symptoms of most cases are lighter, will not produce complications, parents do not need to be nervous, just need to be isolated at home to rest can be cured, so family care is very important. The etiology, symptoms and nursing of measles? Let's talk about it

The etiology, symptoms and nursing of measles?

(1) Incubation period: generally 10 days ± The incubation period of patients with severe infection or acquired infection through blood transfusion can be as short as 6 days. When they have received immune agents (whole blood, serum, immunoglobulin, etc.) or have been vaccinated with measles vaccine, the incubation period can be extended to 3-4 weeks. At the end of the incubation period, measles virus can be excreted from the secretion of upper respiratory tract within 1-2 days, The typical course of measles can be divided into three stages: prodromal stage, rash stage and recovery stage.

(2) Prodromal stage: it usually lasts for 3-5 days, and can be extended to 7-8 days for weak and severe cases, while it can be as short as 1 day for those who have been vaccinated against measles or have passive immunity. The main clinical manifestations of this stage are catarrhal symptoms of inflammation of upper respiratory tract (including conjunctival membrane), such as fever, cough, runny nose, tears, photophobia, etc., accompanied by different degrees of systemic discomfort, Fever is usually low in the day and high in the night, rising day by day, up to 39-40 ℃. Febrile convulsions may occur in infants. Older children or adults often complain of headache, dizziness, fatigue, drowsiness, cough aggravating gradually, mostly dry cough. Because of the inflammation of upper respiratory tract mucosa, it often extends down to the larynx, trachea, bronchus, cough often with hoarseness. Young children even have shortness of breath and difficulty, often accompanied by decreased appetite, Even vomiting, diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms. Physical examination showed obvious congestion of oral and pharyngeal mucosa. Two to three days after the onset of the disease, Coriolis plaque appeared on the buccal mucosa opposite the first molar. It was a characteristic sign of the prodromal phase of measles and had the value of early diagnosis of measles. This kind of small oral rash was white, with the size of 0.5-1 mm needle tip, scattered on the bright red and moist buccal mucosa, At the beginning, there are only a few spots, which increase rapidly. They can fuse and spread to the whole buccal mucosa, the inner side of the lip, gums, etc. they are also occasionally seen on the conjunctival membrane of the eyelid. They rarely occur on the hard and soft palate. When the number of spots is small, small white spots are easy to see in the sun, and the surrounding red halo is red. When the number is large, they can fuse into a piece. Only the congestive buccal mucosa has fine salt like protrusions, In some patients, rubella like or scarlet fever like or urticaria like rashes appear on the neck, chest and abdomen at the beginning of prodromal phase, and subside within a few hours, which is called prodromal rash. Sometimes brown red spots can be found on the palate (also known as uvula), tonsil, posterior pharyngeal wall and soft palate, The rash disappeared rapidly at the beginning.

(3) Rash stage: 3-5 days after the onset, when the symptoms of respiratory tract catarrh and fever reach the peak, the rash begins to appear. 1-2 days after the appearance of Coriolis plaque, the light red macular papules appear first from the hair border behind the ear, gradually reaching the head, forehead, face, neck, extending from top to bottom to the chest, abdomen, back, and finally to the limbs, until the palm and sole of the feet. The rash affects the whole body in 2-3 days, The rash is mainly macular papules. At the beginning, the color is bright red and faded. The size varies. The average diameter is 2-5mm. The distribution is sparse and distinct. At the peak of rash, the number of rashes increases, and the color gradually turns dark. However, the skin between rashes is still normal. Occasionally, there are small herpes or small hemorrhagic rashes. When the disease is serious, especially with cardiopulmonary failure, The rash color can suddenly turn dark, and quickly fade. With the peak of rash, the symptoms of systemic poisoning worsen, and the body temperature rises further, which can reach above 40 ℃. The rash is depressed, drowsy, or restless all day long. The cough worsens, with phlegm, dry lips and tongue, extreme congestion of pharynx, edema of eyelids, secretion, neck lymph nodes and hepatosplenomegaly, and dry and moist rales in the lungs, Chest X-ray examination showed enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes and thickened lung markings. In the pre vaccination era, adults were less likely to suffer from natural infection caused by wild strain measles virus. In the rash stage, the poisoning symptoms of adults were often heavier than those of children, and the rashes were also dense, but the concurrent bacterial infection seemed to be less than that of infants.

matters needing attention

In addition to the above nursing work, it is also very important to pay close attention to the condition, because measles has many and serious complications, which can cause pneumonia, pharyngitis, myocarditis, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular dysfunction, etc. Prevention is better than treatment, vaccination is the most effective preventive measures, get measles in time, through vaccination can also strengthen immunity.